Integrated Sustainable Design

Billed by Fast Company as the “final nail in the coffin of open plan offices,” the study of two Fortune 500 companies found face-to-face interactions plummeted by more than 70 percent after a switch to an open office design. Instead of increasing personal collaboration, e-mail use shot up and productivity fell.

This may sound like old news. Open office designs have been criticized almost from the moment the first cubicle walls came down. It is widely understood that if you cram employees into a wall-less, window-less, sterile environment with no ventilation or privacy, it’s not going to increase productivity. 

It’s time to move the discussion forward. A large volume of research is available illustrating how a data-driven approach can lead to a better work environment, whether you want to call it an “open” design or not. And that process must start with a laser focus on how and why people are using the space. 

“The design should be driven by what the employees are doing and who they are, not a boilerplate ‘open’ concept,” says Dr. Julie Zoellin Cramer, a learning experience strategist who works with LPA to connect research with clients’ goals.

The problem is not the basic premise of an open office, it’s how the concept is executed as a cookie-cutter model. It’s not really clear what “open office” means anymore, designers say.

“Open office design is still promoted as a catch-all approach and that makes it hard for designers like us to say, ‘You know what? This might not be an appropriate response for your needs,’” says LPA Design Principal Rick D’Amato. “Flexibility is the forgotten element in today’s market.”

The Design Trend

In many ways, there was a clear over-reaction when open space designs swung back to popularity 10 years ago. Open designs were primarily seen as a way to quickly cut costs, with the possibility of more interaction viewed as an added benefit. From 2010 to 2017, the average square foot per worker plummeted from 225 square feet per worker to closer to 150 square feet, according to CoreNet Global, the commercial real estate industry association.

But even the basic square-feet-to-employee formula is flawed, designers say. “There’s an assumption that you save space by having open office space,” says Kate Mraw, an LPA Associate Principal and Design Director of Interiors. “It’s really a reallocation of square footage into a different type of space needs.”

Several studies over the years have found the increased number of employees in a space comes with a cost. People are often distracted, irritated and less productive. People put on headphones and retreat instead of working together.

“What we’re seeing is that there’s a lot of dissatisfaction with the one size fits all approach,” D’Amato says. “It’s not about, ‘well, everyone has to sit in the same amount of square footage.”

The well-publicized Harvard study has been described as the first to attempt to objectively measure how people actually interact in open offices. Researchers Ethan Bernstein and Stephen Turban wired up employees with infrared sensors and microphones to measure face-to-face encounters and conversations. The raw data showed an average of 5.8 hours a day of “face-to-face” time fell to 1.7 hours a day after the redesign to an open office. 

“Consistent with the fundamental human desire for privacy and prior evidence that privacy may increase productivity, when office architecture makes everyone more observable or ‘transparent,’ it can dampen [face-to-face] interaction,” the researchers concluded.

But face-to-face interaction doesn’t really define the workplace goals, Cramer says. It’s the type of interaction that is important. “The problem with open space is we keep conflating the idea of open space and collaboration,” she says. “Collaboration is a spectrum of activity.”

There are three basic types of collaboration, Cramer says: teamwork, “beamwork” and dreamwork. Many designs create spaces for traditional team meetings, but ignore the need for spaces for “beamwork,” defined as laser-focused individual activity on a specific team project, and dreamwork, which is the need for time spent on exploration and creativity.

“It’s not just about doing open space right, it’s about understanding the idea of a deeper collaboration,” Cramer says. “Spaces need to be designed for the entire spectrum of collaboration.”

A Focus on Employees

People follow basic human needs as they use space, research shows. And there are ramifications when designers get it wrong.  Studies have illustrated the serious consequences to open offices that don’t address the needs of the employees, says Kimari Phillips, Senior Research Analyst for LPAred, LPA’s in-house research department. 

“In the long term, without appropriate design and organizational measures, the costs can include heightened stress response, employees calling in sick, and reduced cognitive performance and productivity when they’re at work,” Phillips says.

LPA regularly conducts post-occupancy evaluations (POE)of office designs, taking a close look at what works and what doesn’t. One basic conclusion: the design process must begin by involving a wide spectrum of people in the discussion, especially staffers who will be using space. 

“We’ve learned from the POE, you need to have the right people at the table who represent a cross-section of the different tasks and roles,” Phillips says.

Open offices show better results when they are activity-based designs, with zones and areas based on specific tasks, she says. Huddle rooms, different styles of conferences space, relaxation spots and private areas can all aid the effectiveness of an open layout, data shows.

People are fundamentally looking for a sense of autonomy and choice in the work environment, Cramer says. They want the workplace to promote security and personal growth. Too often, designers try to find a compromise between “me” personal space and “we” social and gathering spaces, and end up pleasing no one, Cramer says. 

“These Me vs. We design solutions only serve to mitigate, not solve, the challenge,” Cramer says. “People are still caught in the middle of workplace spatial settings that do not fully support either the individual or the group experience.”

Far too often, companies don’t account for all the elements that impact an employee’s daily life, including lighting, furniture and acoustics. A study released this June by Oxford Economics and audio device market Plantronics found noise pollution in open offices has reached “epidemic levels,” with 63 percent of employees complaining they don’t have quiet places to work, which results in a “negative effect on their productivity, satisfaction and well-being.”

Control is often the most important ingredient. The more ability to manipulate their environment, the happier the employee. “Open offices are not inherently good or bad,” a trio of Steelcase executives wrote in the Harvard Business Review in 2014. “The key to successful workspaces is to empower individuals by giving them choices that allow control over their work environment.”

Working the Issues

Mraw recently helped develop the office design for LPA’s new headquarters offices in Irvine, providing an opportunity to experience first-hand the design practices employed with clients. The process started with pre-occupancy surveys of the staff, but then moved into different types of discussions, focusing on how spaces were being used and the connections between the office environment and the company’s brand. Employees weren’t asked about meeting rooms and desk styles; questions focused on how spaces could expand the practice and spirit of collaboration.

“We wanted to know more about how the space can foster innovation and challenge the routine of the day,” Mraw says. “When you can choose to do your work in different environments, an increased sense of agency and engagement occurs and the repetitive process goes away.”

The design team spent several days observing the staff. “We were really looking at how people work together, where they work together and what their challenges were in those settings,” Mraw says. “Then we started to create heat maps out of that process, pin-pointing spatial characteristics about where people were huddling, clustering and collaborating.” 

Open styles shouldn’t mean an endless sea of workstations. LPA’s recent design for Mazda’s U.S. headquarters is designed around hubs, including free-address work stations that allow employees to choose their own daily work space. While there are few walls, the office is a collection of different types of open spaces and meeting rooms, reflecting the brand’s connection to creativity and design.

“I really love the process when we can get involved with staff very early on,” D’Amato says. “That’s when we get the most bang for the buck.”

Environments that holistically attend to employee needs not only “enhance productivity through increased motivation and engagement, but also support an individual’s sense of personal fulfillment,” Cramer says.

The starting point is understanding and accepting the basic desires of employees, she says. “We’re actually not that complex,” Cramer says. “If you fully meet our human needs, we thrive.”

This story originally appeared in the latest edition of Catalyst, a quarterly publication that takes a deep dive into the new ideas, industry leaders and cutting-edge initiatives changing lives by design.